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A voiced uvular trill is a type of sound, used in some Speech . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Small caps version of the Latin alphabet letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.
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There are two main hypotheses regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one hypothesis, the uvular trill originated in Standard French language around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German language, Danish language, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch language, Norwegian and Swedish language. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence., citing , , and In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative or a voiced uvular approximant .
The other main hypothesis is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar trill, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). Against the "French origin" hypothesis, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.
| Afrikaans | Parts of the former Cape Province | italic=yes | 'red' | May be a fricative instead. See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | North Mesopotamian | قمر | ˈqʌmʌʀ | 'moon' | Corresponds to r, in most other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Breton language | Bro Gwened | b ro | bʀoː | 'country' | Corresponds to r~ʁ in standard Breton. See Breton phonology |
| Catalan language | Some northern dialects | italic=yes | 'to run' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Dutch language | Belgian Limburg | italic=yes | 'red' | More commonly a Uvular flap. Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad. Realization of varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| Central Netherlands | |||||
| Randstad | |||||
| Southern Netherlands | |||||
| More commonly a uvular tap. It is one of the least common realizations of in these areas. See Dutch phonology | |||||
| Northern Netherlands | |||||
| West Flanders | |||||
| Estonian | Some speakers, mostly in Tartu County | ku rk | kuʀk | 'cucumber' | |
| English language | Cape Flats | red | 'red' | Possible realization of ; may be instead. See South African English phonology | |
| Northumbrian dialect | More often a fricative. Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology | ||||
| Sierra Leonean | More often a fricative. | ||||
| French language | italic=yes | 'rendezvous', 'appointment' | Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative . See French phonology | ||
| German language | Standard German | italic=yes | 'red' | In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See Standard German phonology | |
| Hebrew language | rtl=yes | 'green' | May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Italian language | Some speakers | italic=yes | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill , due to individual Orthoepy defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a voiced uvular fricative or a labiodental approximant . See Italian phonology. | |
| Japreria | peŕo | 'dog' | Contrasts with flap ɾ, represented orthographically by ŕ. | ||
| Judaeo-Spanish | muje r | 'woman', 'wife' | |||
| Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle. | |||||
| Luxembourgish | italic=yes | 'silence' | Prevocalic allophone of . See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Occitan language | Eastern | ga rric | 'oak' | Contrasts with alveolar trill ( 'cured') | |
| Provençal | pa rts | 'parts' | See Occitan phonology | ||
| Southern Auvergnat | ga rçon | 'son' | |||
| Southeastern Limousin dialect | fi lh | ||||
| Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology | |||||
| Southwestern dialects | |||||
| Portuguese | European | italic=yes | 'to get scarcer' | Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Fluminense Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese | italic=yes | 'market', 'fair' | Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In coda position, it is generally in free variation with , , , and before non-voicing environments. | ||
| Sulista | italic=yes | 'cabbage' | Alternates with the alveolar trill and depending on the region. Never used in coda. | ||
| Romani language | Some dialects | italic=yes | 'man' | Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed . A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with | |
| Selkup language | Northern dialects | ӄа ӄри | 'sledge' | Allophone of before liquid consonant | |
| Sioux language | ǧí | 'it's brown' | Allophone of before | ||
| Sotho language | Regional variant | italic=yes | 'hair' | Imported from French missionaries. See Sesotho phonology | |
| Swedish language | Southern | italic=yes | 'fox' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Yiddish language | Standard | rtl=yes | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap ; can be alveolar instead. See Yiddish phonology | |
| Most often an approximant when initial. In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless ) or an approximant. Also described as pharyngeal . It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word. See Danish phonology |
| Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology |
| A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar is used in the neighbouring rural area. |
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